SS-31

SS-31 — also known as Elamipretide — is a small, cell-permeable tetrapeptide engineered to concentrate in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It's one of the most closely studied mitochondria-targeted peptides in current longevity and bioenergetics research.

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Mechanism

• Cardiolipin binding. Selectively binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing its structure and supporting efficient electron transport chain organization.
• Oxidative stress research. Studied for reducing reactive oxygen species production at the electron transport chain and supporting ATP synthesis efficiency in stressed mitochondrial models.

Common research protocols

Dosing information below reflects published research literature. It is not medical advice and is not a treatment plan.

• Route. Subcutaneous injection.
• Research context. Subcutaneous dosing is the standard route in the peptide-research community; clinical-stage trials for related indications have also used other delivery methods.

Evidence at a glance

• Regulatory status. Not FDA-approved. Has been studied in human clinical trials for several mitochondrial-disease indications, but remains investigational.
• What we do not know. Long-term outcomes data outside trial settings; optimal research dosing interval for bioenergetic endpoints.

Reconstitution & handling

Lyophilized peptides ship as freeze-dried powder. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water; refrigerate the reconstituted vial. Use the reconstitution calculator to get syringe-unit readings for your target dose. General reconstitution and syringe guidance in the How We Work page.

Primary-literature list for this guide available on request via contact.